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Just curious what the group believes about Genesis 1:7, in particular the “canopy theory” that postulates that the waters above the firmament formed a hard canopy of sorts, sort of like placing the Earth in a terrarium. We do know that there were waters above the firmament (Genesis 1:7), but what form we are left to speculate, I think. Simply because of the temperature at that altitude it would have needed to be ice, but maybe not necessarily a hard shell, maybe an “ice fog” of sorts? I do assume that this is where much of the water for a global flood must have come from. Logically, if all the water in all the puddles,lakes, streams, ponds, rivers and seas on Earth evaporated suddenly and rained back down on the Earth for forty days and nights all it would do is refill all the puddles, lakes, streams, ponds, rivers and seas from whence they came, it would not be the source of a global flood. The water had to come from somewhere else, as in “the windows of heaven were opened”(Genesis 7:11). And obviously the fountains of the deep provided water also. There are many people who believe (I know that “many people believe” is proof of nothing) that this canopy explains the long life of the pre flood people (and presumably animals) and the enormous size of many fossil specimens we find today, plant and animal.

What would a topic on creation be without a discussion about our Creator?

I have recently finished reading J.P.Moreland's book "Scientism and Secularism" and John Lennox's book "Can Science Explain Everything?" Both excellent. What is the best book you have read on the topic of Scientism?

We've seen land bridges that connect almost all the continents. I was looking at the map today. I didn't find a land bridge to Antarctica. Could you help me find one? https://bgr.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/capture.jpg?quality=1000&strip=all

ORIGIN 1 attaaaggtt tataccttcc caggtaacaa accaaccaac tttcgatctc ttgtagatct 61 gttctctaaa cgaactttaa aatctgtgtg gctgtcactc ggctgcatgc ttagtgcact 121 cacgcagtat aattaataac taattactgt cgttgacagg acacgagtaa ctcgtctatc 181 ttctgcaggc tgcttacggt ttcgtccgtg ttgcagccga tcatcagcac atctaggttt 241 cgtccgggtg tgaccgaaag gtaagatgga gagccttgtc cctggtttca acgagaaaac 301 acacgtccaa ctcagtttgc ctgttttaca ggttcgcgac gtgctcgtac gtggctttgg 361 agactccgtg gaggaggtct tatcagaggc acgtcaacat cttaaagatg gcacttgtgg 421 cttagtagaa gttgaaaaag gcgttttgcc tcaacttgaa cagccctatg tgttcatcaa 481 acgttcggat gctcgaactg cacctcatgg tcatgttatg gttgagctgg tagcagaact 541 cgaaggcatt cagtacggtc gtagtggtga gacacttggt gtccttgtcc ctcatgtggg 601 cgaaatacca gtggcttacc gcaaggttct tcttcgtaag aacggtaata aaggagctgg 661 tggccatagt tacggcgccg atctaaagtc atttgactta ggcgacgagc ttggcactga 721 tccttatgaa gattttcaag aaaactggaa cactaaacat agcagtggtg ttacccgtga 781 actcatgcgt gagcttaacg gaggggcata cactcgctat gtcgataaca acttctgtgg 841 ccctgatggc taccctcttg agtgcattaa agaccttcta gcacgtgctg gtaaagcttc 901 atgcactttg tccgaacaac tggactttat tgacactaag aggggtgtat actgctgccg 961 tgaacatgag catgaaattg cttggtacac ggaacgttct gaaaagagct atgaattgca 1021 gacacctttt gaaattaaat tggcaaagaa atttgacacc ttcaatgggg aatgtccaaa 1081 ttttgtattt cccttaaatt ccataatcaa gactattcaa ccaagggttg aaaagaaaaa 1141 gcttgatggc tttatgggta gaattcgatc tgtctatcca gttgcgtcac caaatgaatg 1201 caaccaaatg tgcctttcaa ctctcatgaa gtgtgatcat tgtggtgaaa cttcatggca 1261 gacgggcgat tttgttaaag ccacttgcga attttgtggc actgagaatt tgactaaaga 1321 aggtgccact acttgtggtt acttacccca aaatgctgtt gttaaaattt attgtccagc 1381 atgtcacaat tcagaagtag gacctgagca tagtcttgcc gaataccata atgaatctgg 1441 cttgaaaacc attcttcgta agggtggtcg cactattgcc tttggaggct gtgtgttctc 1501 ttatgttggt tgccataaca agtgtgccta ttgggttcca cgtgctagcg ctaacatagg 1561 ttgtaaccat acaggtgttg ttggagaagg ttccgaaggt cttaatgaca accttcttga 1621 aatactccaa aaagagaaag tcaacatcaa tattgttggt gactttaaac ttaatgaaga 1681 gatcgccatt attttggcat ctttttctgc ttccacaagt gcttttgtgg aaactgtgaa 1741 aggtttggat tataaagcat tcaaacaaat tgttgaatcc tgtggtaatt ttaaagttac 1801 aaaaggaaaa gctaaaaaag gtgcctggaa tattggtgaa cagaaatcaa tactgagtcc 1861 tctttatgca tttgcatcag aggctgctcg tgttgtacga tcaattttct cccgcactct 1921 tgaaactgct caaaattctg tgcgtgtttt acagaaggcc gctataacaa tactagatgg 1981 aatttcacag tattcactga gactcattga tgctatgatg ttcacatctg atttggctac 2041 taacaatcta gttgtaatgg cctacattac aggtggtgtt gttcagttga cttcgcagtg 2101 gctaactaac atctttggca ctgtttatga aaaactcaaa cccgtccttg attggcttga 2161 agagaagttt aaggaaggtg tagagtttct tagagacggt tgggaaattg ttaaatttat 2221 ctcaacctgt gcttgtgaaa ttgtcggtgg acaaattgtc acctgtgcaa aggaaattaa 2281 ggagagtgtt cagacattct ttaagcttgt aaataaattt ttggctttgt gtgctgactc 2341 tatcattatt ggtggagcta aacttaaagc cttgaattta ggtgaaacat ttgtcacgca 2401 ctcaaaggga ttgtacagaa agtgtgttaa atccagagaa gaaactggcc tactcatgcc 2461 tctaaaagcc ccaaaagaaa ttatcttctt agagggagaa acacttccca cagaagtgtt 2521 aacagaggaa gttgtcttga aaactggtga tttacaacca ttagaacaac ctactagtga 2581 agctgttgaa gctccattgg ttggtacacc agtttgtatt aacgggctta tgttgctcga 2641 aatcaaagac acagaaaagt actgtgccct tgcacctaat atgatggtaa caaacaatac 2701 cttcacactc aaaggcggtg caccaacaaa ggttactttt ggtgatgaca ctgtgataga 2761 agtgcaaggt tacaagagtg tgaatatcac ttttgaactt gatgaaagga ttgataaagt 2821 acttaatgag aagtgctctg cctatacagt tgaactcggt acagaagtaa atgagttcgc 2881 ctgtgttgtg gcagatgctg tcataaaaac tttgcaacca gtatctgaat tacttacacc 2941 actgggcatt gatttagatg agtggagtat ggctacatac tacttatttg atgagtctgg 3001 tgagtttaaa ttggcttcac atatgtattg ttctttctac cctccagatg aggatgaaga 3061 agaaggtgat tgtgaagaag aagagtttga gccatcaact caatatgagt atggtactga 3121 agatgattac caaggtaaac ctttggaatt tggtgccact tctgctgctc ttcaacctga 3181 agaagagcaa gaagaagatt ggttagatga tgatagtcaa caaactgttg gtcaacaaga 3241 cggcagtgag gacaatcaga caactactat tcaaacaatt gttgaggttc aacctcaatt 3301 agagatggaa cttacaccag ttgttcagac tattgaagtg aatagtttta gtggttattt 3361 aaaacttact gacaatgtat acattaaaaa tgcagacatt gtggaagaag ctaaaaaggt 3421 aaaaccaaca gtggttgtta atgcagccaa tgtttacctt aaacatggag gaggtgttgc 3481 aggagcctta aataaggcta ctaacaatgc catgcaagtt gaatctgatg attacatagc 3541 tactaatgga ccacttaaag tgggtggtag ttgtgtttta agcggacaca atcttgctaa 3601 acactgtctt catgttgtcg gcccaaatgt taacaaaggt gaagacattc aacttcttaa 3661 gagtgcttat gaaaatttta atcagcacga agttctactt gcaccattat tatcagctgg 3721 tatttttggt gctgacccta tacattcttt aagagtttgt gtagatactg ttcgcacaaa 3781 tgtctactta gctgtctttg ataaaaatct ctatgacaaa cttgtttcaa gctttttgga 3841 aatgaagagt gaaaagcaag ttgaacaaaa gatcgctgag attcctaaag aggaagttaa 3901 gccatttata actgaaagta aaccttcagt tgaacagaga aaacaagatg ataagaaaat 3961 caaagcttgt gttgaagaag ttacaacaac tctggaagaa actaagttcc tcacagaaaa 4021 cttgttactt tatattgaca ttaatggcaa tcttcatcca gattctgcca ctcttgttag 4081 tgacattgac atcactttct taaagaaaga tgctccatat atagtgggtg atgttgttca 4141 agagggtgtt ttaactgctg tggttatacc tactaaaaag gctggtggca ctactgaaat 4201 gctagcgaaa gctttgagaa aagtgccaac agacaattat ataaccactt acccgggtca 4261 gggtttaaat ggttacactg tagaggaggc aaagacagtg cttaaaaagt gtaaaagtgc 4321 cttttacatt ctaccatcta ttatctctaa tgagaagcaa gaaattcttg gaactgtttc 4381 ttggaatttg cgagaaatgc ttgcacatgc agaagaaaca cgcaaattaa tgcctgtctg 4441 tgtggaaact aaagccatag tttcaactat acagcgtaaa tataagggta ttaaaataca 4501 agagggtgtg gttgattatg gtgctagatt ttacttttac accagtaaaa caactgtagc 4561 gtcacttatc aacacactta acgatctaaa tgaaactctt gttacaatgc cacttggcta 4621 tgtaacacat ggcttaaatt tggaagaagc tgctcggtat atgagatctc tcaaagtgcc 4681 agctacagtt tctgtttctt cacctgatgc tgttacagcg tataatggtt atcttacttc 4741 ttcttctaaa acacctgaag aacattttat tgaaaccatc tcacttgctg gttcctataa 4801 agattggtcc tattctggac aatctacaca actaggtata gaatttctta agagaggtga 4861 taaaagtgta tattacacta gtaatcctac cacattccac ctagatggtg aagttatcac 4921 ctttgacaat cttaagacac ttctttcttt gagagaagtg aggactatta aggtgtttac 4981 aacagtagac aacattaacc tccacacgca agttgtggac atgtcaatga catatggaca 5041 acagtttggt ccaacttatt tggatggagc tgatgttact aaaataaaac ctcataattc 5101 acatgaaggt aaaacatttt atgttttacc taatgatgac actctacgtg ttgaggcttt 5161 tgagtactac cacacaactg atcctagttt tctgggtagg tacatgtcag cattaaatca 5221 cactaaaaag tggaaatacc cacaagttaa tggtttaact tctattaaat gggcagataa 5281 caactgttat cttgccactg cattgttaac actccaacaa atagagttga agtttaatcc 5341 acctgctcta caagatgctt attacagagc aagggctggt gaagctgcta acttttgtgc 5401 acttatctta gcctactgta ataagacagt aggtgagtta ggtgatgtta gagaaacaat 5461 gagttacttg tttcaacatg ccaatttaga ttcttgcaaa agagtcttga acgtggtgtg 5521 taaaacttgt ggacaacagc agacaaccct taagggtgta gaagctgtta tgtacatggg 5581 cacactttct tatgaacaat ttaagaaagg tgttcagata ccttgtacgt gtggtaaaca 5641 agctacaaaa tatctagtac aacaggagtc accttttgtt atgatgtcag caccacctgc 5701 tcagtatgaa cttaagcatg gtacatttac ttgtgctagt gagtacactg gtaattacca 5761 gtgtggtcac tataaacata taacttctaa agaaactttg tattgcatag acggtgcttt 5821 acttacaaag tcctcagaat acaaaggtcc tattacggat gttttctaca aagaaaacag 5881 ttacacaaca accataaaac cagttactta taaattggat ggtgttgttt gtacagaaat 5941 tgaccctaag ttggacaatt attataagaa agacaattct tatttcacag agcaaccaat 6001 tgatcttgta ccaaaccaac catatccaaa cgcaagcttc gataatttta agtttgtatg 6061 tgataatatc aaatttgctg atgatttaaa ccagttaact ggttataaga aacctgcttc 6121 aagagagctt aaagttacat ttttccctga cttaaatggt gatgtggtgg ctattgatta 6181 taaacactac acaccctctt ttaagaaagg agctaaattg ttacataaac ctattgtttg 6241 gcatgttaac aatgcaacta ataaagccac gtataaacca aatacctggt gtatacgttg 6301 tctttggagc acaaaaccag ttgaaacatc aaattcgttt gatgtactga agtcagagga 6361 cgcgcaggga atggataatc ttgcctgcga agatctaaaa ccagtctctg aagaagtagt 6421 ggaaaatcct accatacaga aagacgttct tgagtgtaat gtgaaaacta ccgaagttgt 6481 aggagacatt atacttaaac cagcaaataa tagtttaaaa attacagaag aggttggcca 6541 cacagatcta atggctgctt atgtagacaa ttctagtctt actattaaga aacctaatga 6601 attatctaga gtattaggtt tgaaaaccct tgctactcat ggtttagctg ctgttaatag 6661 tgtcccttgg gatactatag ctaattatgc taagcctttt cttaacaaag ttgttagtac 6721 aactactaac atagttacac ggtgtttaaa ccgtgtttgt actaattata tgccttattt 6781 ctttacttta ttgctacaat tgtgtacttt tactagaagt acaaattcta gaattaaagc 6841 atctatgccg actactatag caaagaatac tgttaagagt gtcggtaaat tttgtctaga 6901 ggcttcattt aattatttga agtcacctaa tttttctaaa ctgataaata ttataatttg 6961 gtttttacta ttaagtgttt gcctaggttc tttaatctac tcaaccgctg ctttaggtgt 7021 tttaatgtct aatttaggca tgccttctta ctgtactggt tacagagaag gctatttgaa 7081 ctctactaat gtcactattg caacctactg tactggttct ataccttgta gtgtttgtct 7141 tagtggttta gattctttag acacctatcc ttctttagaa actatacaaa ttaccatttc 7201 atcttttaaa tgggatttaa ctgcttttgg cttagttgca gagtggtttt tggcatatat 7261 tcttttcact aggtttttct atgtacttgg attggctgca atcatgcaat tgtttttcag 7321 ctattttgca gtacatttta ttagtaattc ttggcttatg tggttaataa ttaatcttgt 7381 acaaatggcc ccgatttcag ctatggttag aatgtacatc ttctttgcat cattttatta 7441 tgtatggaaa agttatgtgc atgttgtaga cggttgtaat tcatcaactt gtatgatgtg 7501 ttacaaacgt aatagagcaa caagagtcga atgtacaact attgttaatg gtgttagaag 7561 gtccttttat gtctatgcta atggaggtaa aggcttttgc aaactacaca attggaattg 7621 tgttaattgt gatacattct gtgctggtag tacatttatt agtgatgaag ttgcgagaga 7681 cttgtcacta cagtttaaaa gaccaataaa tcctactgac cagtcttctt acatcgttga 7741 tagtgttaca gtgaagaatg gttccatcca tctttacttt gataaagctg gtcaaaagac 7801 ttatgaaaga cattctctct ctcattttgt taacttagac aacctgagag ctaataacac 7861 taaaggttca ttgcctatta atgttatagt ttttgatggt aaatcaaaat gtgaagaatc 7921 atctgcaaaa tcagcgtctg tttactacag tcagcttatg tgtcaaccta tactgttact 7981 agatcaggca ttagtgtctg atgttggtga tagtgcggaa gttgcagtta aaatgtttga 8041 tgcttacgtt aatacgtttt catcaacttt taacgtacca atggaaaaac tcaaaacact 8101 agttgcaact gcagaagctg aacttgcaaa gaatgtgtcc ttagacaatg tcttatctac 8161 ttttatttca gcagctcggc aagggtttgt tgattcagat gtagaaacta aagatgttgt 8221 tgaatgtctt aaattgtcac atcaatctga catagaagtt actggcgata gttgtaataa 8281 ctatatgctc acctataaca aagttgaaaa catgacaccc cgtgaccttg gtgcttgtat 8341 tgactgtagt gcgcgtcata ttaatgcgca ggtagcaaaa agtcacaaca ttgctttgat 8401 atggaacgtt aaagatttca tgtcattgtc tgaacaacta cgaaaacaaa tacgtagtgc 8461 tgctaaaaag aataacttac cttttaagtt gacatgtgca actactagac aagttgttaa 8521 tgttgtaaca acaaagatag cacttaaggg tggtaaaatt gttaataatt ggttgaagca 8581 gttaattaaa gttacacttg tgttcctttt tgttgctgct attttctatt taataacacc 8641 tgttcatgtc atgtctaaac atactgactt ttcaagtgaa atcataggat acaaggctat 8701 tgatggtggt gtcactcgtg acatagcatc tacagatact tgttttgcta acaaacatgc 8761 tgattttgac acatggttta gccagcgtgg tggtagttat actaatgaca aagcttgccc 8821 attgattgct gcagtcataa caagagaagt gggttttgtc gtgcctggtt tgcctggcac 8881 gatattacgc acaactaatg gtgacttttt gcatttctta cctagagttt ttagtgcagt 8941 tggtaacatc tgttacacac catcaaaact tatagagtac actgactttg caacatcagc 9001 ttgtgttttg gctgctgaat gtacaatttt taaagatgct tctggtaagc cagtaccata 9061 ttgttatgat accaatgtac tagaaggttc tgttgcttat gaaagtttac gccctgacac 9121 acgttatgtg ctcatggatg gctctattat tcaatttcct aacacctacc ttgaaggttc 9181 tgttagagtg gtaacaactt ttgattctga gtactgtagg cacggcactt gtgaaagatc 9241 agaagctggt gtttgtgtat ctactagtgg tagatgggta cttaacaatg attattacag 9301 atctttacca ggagttttct gtggtgtaga tgctgtaaat ttacttacta atatgtttac 9361 accactaatt caacctattg gtgctttgga catatcagca tctatagtag ctggtggtat 9421 tgtagctatc gtagtaacat gccttgccta ctattttatg aggtttagaa gagcttttgg 9481 tgaatacagt catgtagttg cctttaatac tttactattc cttatgtcat tcactgtact 9541 ctgtttaaca ccagtttact cattcttacc tggtgtttat tctgttattt acttgtactt 9601 gacattttat cttactaatg atgtttcttt tttagcacat attcagtgga tggttatgtt 9661 cacaccttta gtacctttct ggataacaat tgcttatatc atttgtattt ccacaaagca 9721 tttctattgg ttctttagta attacctaaa gagacgtgta gtctttaatg gtgtttcctt 9781 tagtactttt gaagaagctg cgctgtgcac ctttttgtta aataaagaaa tgtatctaaa 9841 gttgcgtagt gatgtgctat tacctcttac gcaatataat agatacttag ctctttataa 9901 taagtacaag tattttagtg gagcaatgga tacaactagc tacagagaag ctgcttgttg 9961 tcatctcgca aaggctctca atgacttcag taactcaggt tctgatgttc tttaccaacc 10021 accacaaacc tctatcacct cagctgtttt gcagagtggt tttagaaaaa tggcattccc 10081 atctggtaaa gttgagggtt gtatggtaca agtaacttgt ggtacaacta cacttaacgg 10141 tctttggctt gatgacgtag tttactgtcc aagacatgtg atctgcacct ctgaagacat 10201 gcttaaccct aattatgaag atttactcat tcgtaagtct aatcataatt tcttggtaca 10261 ggctggtaat gttcaactca gggttattgg acattctatg caaaattgtg tacttaagct 10321 taaggttgat acagccaatc ctaagacacc taagtataag tttgttcgca ttcaaccagg 10381 acagactttt tcagtgttag cttgttacaa tggttcacca tctggtgttt accaatgtgc 10441 tatgaggccc aatttcacta ttaagggttc attccttaat ggttcatgtg gtagtgttgg 10501 ttttaacata gattatgact gtgtctcttt ttgttacatg caccatatgg aattaccaac 10561 tggagttcat gctggcacag acttagaagg taacttttat ggaccttttg ttgacaggca 10621 aacagcacaa gcagctggta cggacacaac tattacagtt aatgttttag cttggttgta 10681 cgctgctgtt ataaatggag acaggtggtt tctcaatcga tttaccacaa ctcttaatga 10741 ctttaacctt gtggctatga agtacaatta tgaacctcta acacaagacc atgttgacat 10801 actaggacct ctttctgctc aaactggaat tgccgtttta gatatgtgtg cttcattaaa 10861 agaattactg caaaatggta tgaatggacg taccatattg ggtagtgctt tattagaaga 10921 tgaatttaca ccttttgatg ttgttagaca atgctcaggt gttactttcc aaagtgcagt 10981 gaaaagaaca atcaagggta cacaccactg gttgttactc acaattttga cttcactttt 11041 agttttagtc cagagtactc aatggtcttt gttctttttt ttgtatgaaa atgccttttt 11101 accttttgct atgggtatta ttgctatgtc tgcttttgca atgatgtttg tcaaacataa 11161 gcatgcattt ctctgtttgt ttttgttacc ttctcttgcc actgtagctt attttaatat 11221 ggtctatatg cctgctagtt gggtgatgcg tattatgaca tggttggata tggttgatac 11281 tagtttgtct ggttttaagc taaaagactg tgttatgtat gcatcagctg tagtgttact 11341 aatccttatg acagcaagaa ctgtgtatga tgatggtgct aggagagtgt ggacacttat 11401 gaatgtcttg acactcgttt ataaagttta ttatggtaat gctttagatc aagccatttc 11461 catgtgggct cttataatct ctgttacttc taactactca ggtgtagtta caactgtcat 11521 gtttttggcc agaggtattg tttttatgtg tgttgagtat tgccctattt tcttcataac 11581 tggtaataca cttcagtgta taatgctagt ttattgtttc ttaggctatt tttgtacttg 11641 ttactttggc ctcttttgtt tactcaaccg ctactttaga ctgactcttg gtgtttatga 11701 ttacttagtt tctacacagg agtttagata tatgaattca cagggactac tcccacccaa 11761 gaatagcata gatgccttca aactcaacat taaattgttg ggtgttggtg gcaaaccttg 11821 tatcaaagta gccactgtac agtctaaaat gtcagatgta aagtgcacat cagtagtctt 11881 actctcagtt ttgcaacaac tcagagtaga atcatcatct aaattgtggg ctcaatgtgt 11941 ccagttacac aatgacattc tcttagctaa agatactact gaagcctttg aaaaaatggt 12001 ttcactactt tctgttttgc tttccatgca gggtgctgta gacataaaca agctttgtga 12061 agaaatgctg gacaacaggg caaccttaca agctatagcc tcagagttta gttcccttcc 12121 atcatatgca gcttttgcta ctgctcaaga agcttatgag caggctgttg ctaatggtga 12181 ttctgaagtt gttcttaaaa agttgaagaa gtctttgaat gtggctaaat ctgaatttga 12241 ccgtgatgca gccatgcaac gtaagttgga aaagatggct gatcaagcta tgacccaaat 12301 gtataaacag gctagatctg aggacaagag ggcaaaagtt actagtgcta tgcagacaat 12361 gcttttcact atgcttagaa agttggataa tgatgcactc aacaacatta tcaacaatgc 12421 aagagatggt tgtgttccct tgaacataat acctcttaca acagcagcca aactaatggt 12481 tgtcatacca gactataaca catataaaaa tacgtgtgat ggtacaacat ttacttatgc 12541 atcagcattg tgggaaatcc aacaggttgt agatgcagat agtaaaattg ttcaacttag 12601 tgaaattagt atggacaatt cacctaattt agcatggcct cttattgtaa cagctttaag 12661 ggccaattct gctgtcaaat tacagaataa tgagcttagt cctgttgcac tacgacagat 12721 gtcttgtgct gccggtacta cacaaactgc ttgcactgat gacaatgcgt tagcttacta 12781 caacacaaca aagggaggta ggtttgtact tgcactgtta tccgatttac aggatttgaa 12841 atgggctaga ttccctaaga gtgatggaac tggtactatc tatacagaac tggaaccacc 12901 ttgtaggttt gttacagaca cacctaaagg tcctaaagtg aagtatttat actttattaa 12961 aggattaaac aacctaaata gaggtatggt acttggtagt ttagctgcca cagtacgtct 13021 acaagctggt aatgcaacag aagtgcctgc caattcaact gtattatctt tctgtgcttt 13081 tgctgtagat gctgctaaag cttacaaaga ttatctagct agtgggggac aaccaatcac 13141 taattgtgtt aagatgttgt gtacacacac tggtactggt caggcaataa cagttacacc 13201 ggaagccaat atggatcaag aatcctttgg tggtgcatcg tgttgtctgt actgccgttg 13261 ccacatagat catccaaatc ctaaaggatt ttgtgactta aaaggtaagt atgtacaaat 13321 acctacaact tgtgctaatg accctgtggg ttttacactt aaaaacacag tctgtaccgt 13381 ctgcggtatg tggaaaggtt atggctgtag ttgtgatcaa ctccgcgaac ccatgcttca 13441 gtcagctgat gcacaatcgt ttttaaacgg gtttgcggtg taagtgcagc ccgtcttaca 13501 ccgtgcggca caggcactag tactgatgtc gtatacaggg cttttgacat ctacaatgat 13561 aaagtagctg gttttgctaa attcctaaaa actaattgtt gtcgcttcca agaaaaggac 13621 gaagatgaca atttaattga ttcttacttt gtagttaaga gacacacttt ctctaactac 13681 caacatgaag aaacaattta taatttactt aaggattgtc cagctgttgc taaacatgac 13741 ttctttaagt ttagaataga cggtgacatg gtaccacata tatcacgtca acgtcttact 13801 aaatacacaa tggcagacct cgtctatgct ttaaggcatt ttgatgaagg taattgtgac 13861 acattaaaag aaatacttgt cacatacaat tgttgtgatg atgattattt caataaaaag 13921 gactggtatg attttgtaga aaacccagat atattacgcg tatacgccaa cttaggtgaa 13981 cgtgtacgcc aagctttgtt aaaaacagta caattctgtg atgccatgcg aaatgctggt 14041 attgttggtg tactgacatt agataatcaa gatctcaatg gtaactggta tgatttcggt 14101 gatttcatac aaaccacgcc aggtagtgga gttcctgttg tagattctta ttattcattg 14161 ttaatgccta tattaacctt gaccagggct ttaactgcag agtcacatgt tgacactgac 14221 ttaacaaagc cttacattaa gtgggatttg ttaaaatatg acttcacgga agagaggtta 14281 aaactctttg accgttattt taaatattgg gatcagacat accacccaaa ttgtgttaac 14341 tgtttggatg acagatgcat tctgcattgt gcaaacttta atgttttatt ctctacagtg 14401 ttcccaccta caagttttgg accactagtg agaaaaatat ttgttgatgg tgttccattt 14461 gtagtttcaa ctggatacca cttcagagag ctaggtgttg tacataatca ggatgtaaac 14521 ttacatagct ctagacttag ttttaaggaa ttacttgtgt atgctgctga ccctgctatg 14581 cacgctgctt ctggtaatct attactagat aaacgcacta cgtgcttttc agtagctgca 14641 cttactaaca atgttgcttt tcaaactgtc aaacccggta attttaacaa agacttctat 14701 gactttgctg tgtctaaggg tttctttaag gaaggaagtt ctgttgaatt aaaacacttc 14761 ttctttgctc aggatggtaa tgctgctatc agcgattatg actactatcg ttataatcta 14821 ccaacaatgt gtgatatcag acaactacta tttgtagttg aagttgttga taagtacttt 14881 gattgttacg atggtggctg tattaatgct aaccaagtca tcgtcaacaa cctagacaaa 14941 tcagctggtt ttccatttaa taaatggggt aaggctagac tttattatga ttcaatgagt 15001 tatgaggatc aagatgcact tttcgcatat acaaaacgta atgtcatccc tactataact 15061 caaatgaatc ttaagtatgc cattagtgca aagaatagag ctcgcaccgt agctggtgtc 15121 tctatctgta gtactatgac caatagacag tttcatcaaa aattattgaa atcaatagcc 15181 gccactagag gagctactgt agtaattgga acaagcaaat tctatggtgg ttggcacaac 15241 atgttaaaaa ctgtttatag tgatgtagaa aaccctcacc ttatgggttg ggattatcct 15301 aaatgtgata gagccatgcc taacatgctt agaattatgg cctcacttgt tcttgctcgc 15361 aaacatacaa cgtgttgtag cttgtcacac cgtttctata gattagctaa tgagtgtgct 15421 caagtattga gtgaaatggt catgtgtggc ggttcactat atgttaaacc aggtggaacc 15481 tcatcaggag atgccacaac tgcttatgct aatagtgttt ttaacatttg tcaagctgtc 15541 acggccaatg ttaatgcact tttatctact gatggtaaca aaattgccga taagtatgtc 15601 cgcaatttac aacacagact ttatgagtgt ctctatagaa atagagatgt tgacacagac 15661 tttgtgaatg agttttacgc atatttgcgt aaacatttct caatgatgat actctctgac 15721 gatgctgttg tgtgtttcaa tagcacttat gcatctcaag gtctagtggc tagcataaag 15781 aactttaagt cagttcttta ttatcaaaac aatgttttta tgtctgaagc aaaatgttgg 15841 actgagactg accttactaa aggacctcat gaattttgct ctcaacatac aatgctagtt 15901 aaacagggtg atgattatgt gtaccttcct tacccagatc catcaagaat cctaggggcc 15961 ggctgttttg tagatgatat cgtaaaaaca gatggtacac ttatgattga acggttcgtg 16021 tctttagcta tagatgctta cccacttact aaacatccta atcaggagta tgctgatgtc 16081 tttcatttgt acttacaata cataagaaag ctacatgatg agttaacagg acacatgtta 16141 gacatgtatt ctgttatgct tactaatgat aacacttcaa ggtattggga acctgagttt 16201 tatgaggcta tgtacacacc gcatacagtc ttacaggctg ttggggcttg tgttctttgc 16261 aattcacaga cttcattaag atgtggtgct tgcatacgta gaccattctt atgttgtaaa 16321 tgctgttacg accatgtcat atcaacatca cataaattag tcttgtctgt taatccgtat 16381 gtttgcaatg ctccaggttg tgatgtcaca gatgtgactc aactttactt aggaggtatg 16441 agctattatt gtaaatcaca taaaccaccc attagttttc cattgtgtgc taatggacaa 16501 gtttttggtt tatataaaaa tacatgtgtt ggtagcgata atgttactga ctttaatgca 16561 attgcaacat gtgactggac aaatgctggt gattacattt tagctaacac ctgtactgaa 16621 agactcaagc tttttgcagc agaaacgctc aaagctactg aggagacatt taaactgtct 16681 tatggtattg ctactgtacg tgaagtgctg tctgacagag aattacatct ttcatgggaa 16741 gttggtaaac ctagaccacc acttaaccga aattatgtct ttactggtta tcgtgtaact 16801 aaaaacagta aagtacaaat aggagagtac acctttgaaa aaggtgacta tggtgatgct 16861 gttgtttacc gaggtacaac aacttacaaa ttaaatgttg gtgattattt tgtgctgaca 16921 tcacatacag taatgccatt aagtgcacct acactagtgc cacaagagca ctatgttaga 16981 attactggct tatacccaac actcaatatc tcagatgagt tttctagcaa tgttgcaaat 17041 tatcaaaagg ttggtatgca aaagtattct acactccagg gaccacctgg tactggtaag 17101 agtcattttg ctattggcct agctctctac tacccttctg ctcgcatagt gtatacagct 17161 tgctctcatg ccgctgttga tgcactatgt gagaaggcat taaaatattt gcctatagat 17221 aaatgtagta gaattatacc tgcacgtgct cgtgtagagt gttttgataa attcaaagtg 17281 aattcaacat tagaacagta tgtcttttgt actgtaaatg cattgcctga gacgacagca 17341 gatatagttg tctttgatga aatttcaatg gccacaaatt atgatttgag tgttgtcaat 17401 gccagattac gtgctaagca ctatgtgtac attggcgacc ctgctcaatt acctgcacca 17461 cgcacattgc taactaaggg cacactagaa ccagaatatt tcaattcagt gtgtagactt 17521 atgaaaacta taggtccaga catgttcctc ggaacttgtc ggcgttgtcc tgctgaaatt 17581 gttgacactg tgagtgcttt ggtttatgat aataagctta aagcacataa agacaaatca 17641 gctcaatgct ttaaaatgtt ttataagggt gttatcacgc atgatgtttc atctgcaatt 17701 aacaggccac aaataggcgt ggtaagagaa ttccttacac gtaaccctgc ttggagaaaa 17761 gctgtcttta tttcacctta taattcacag aatgctgtag cctcaaagat tttgggacta 17821 ccaactcaaa ctgttgattc atcacagggc tcagaatatg actatgtcat attcactcaa 17881 accactgaaa cagctcactc ttgtaatgta aacagattta atgttgctat taccagagca 17941 aaagtaggca tactttgcat aatgtctgat agagaccttt atgacaagtt gcaatttaca 18001 agtcttgaaa ttccacgtag gaatgtggca actttacaag ctgaaaatgt aacaggactc 18061 tttaaagatt gtagtaaggt aatcactggg ttacatccta cacaggcacc tacacacctc 18121 agtgttgaca ctaaattcaa aactgaaggt ttatgtgttg acatacctgg catacctaag 18181 gacatgacct atagaagact catctctatg atgggtttta aaatgaatta tcaagttaat 18241 ggttacccta acatgtttat cacccgcgaa gaagctataa gacatgtacg tgcatggatt 18301 ggcttcgatg tcgaggggtg tcatgctact agagaagctg ttggtaccaa tttaccttta 18361 cagctaggtt tttctacagg tgttaaccta gttgctgtac ctacaggtta tgttgataca 18421 cctaataata cagatttttc cagagttagt gctaaaccac cgcctggaga tcaatttaaa 18481 cacctcatac cacttatgta caaaggactt ccttggaatg tagtgcgtat aaagattgta 18541 caaatgttaa gtgacacact taaaaatctc tctgacagag tcgtatttgt cttatgggca 18601 catggctttg agttgacatc tatgaagtat tttgtgaaaa taggacctga gcgcacctgt 18661 tgtctatgtg atagacgtgc cacatgcttt tccactgctt cagacactta tgcctgttgg 18721 catcattcta ttggatttga ttacgtctat aatccgttta tgattgatgt tcaacaatgg 18781 ggttttacag gtaacctaca aagcaaccat gatctgtatt gtcaagtcca tggtaatgca 18841 catgtagcta gttgtgatgc aatcatgact aggtgtctag ctgtccacga gtgctttgtt 18901 aagcgtgttg actggactat tgaatatcct ataattggtg atgaactgaa gattaatgcg 18961 gcttgtagaa aggttcaaca catggttgtt aaagctgcat tattagcaga caaattccca 19021 gttcttcacg acattggtaa ccctaaagct attaagtgtg tacctcaagc tgatgtagaa 19081 tggaagttct atgatgcaca gccttgtagt gacaaagctt ataaaataga agaattattc 19141 tattcttatg ccacacattc tgacaaattc acagatggtg tatgcctatt ttggaattgc 19201 aatgtcgata gatatcctgc taattccatt gtttgtagat ttgacactag agtgctatct 19261 aaccttaact tgcctggttg tgatggtggc agtttgtatg taaataaaca tgcattccac 19321 acaccagctt ttgataaaag tgcttttgtt aatttaaaac aattaccatt tttctattac 19381 tctgacagtc catgtgagtc tcatggaaaa caagtagtgt cagatataga ttatgtacca 19441 ctaaagtctg ctacgtgtat aacacgttgc aatttaggtg gtgctgtctg tagacatcat 19501 gctaatgagt acagattgta tctcgatgct tataacatga tgatctcagc tggctttagc 19561 ttgtgggttt acaaacaatt tgatacttat aacctctgga acacttttac aagacttcag 19621 agtttagaaa atgtggcttt taatgttgta aataagggac actttgatgg acaacagggt 19681 gaagtaccag tttctatcat taataacact gtttacacaa aagttgatgg tgttgatgta 19741 gaattgtttg aaaataaaac aacattacct gttaatgtag catttgagct ttgggctaag 19801 cgcaacatta aaccagtacc agaggtgaaa atactcaata atttgggtgt ggacattgct 19861 gctaatactg tgatctggga ctacaaaaga gatgctccag cacatatatc tactattggt 19921 gtttgttcta tgactgacat agccaagaaa ccaactgaaa cgatttgtgc accactcact 19981 gtcttttttg atggtagagt tgatggtcaa gtagacttat ttagaaatgc ccgtaatggt 20041 gttcttatta cagaaggtag tgttaaaggt ttacaaccat ctgtaggtcc caaacaagct 20101 agtcttaatg gagtcacatt aattggagaa gccgtaaaaa cacagttcaa ttattataag 20161 aaagttgatg gtgttgtcca acaattacct gaaacttact ttactcagag tagaaattta 20221 caagaattta aacccaggag tcaaatggaa attgatttct tagaattagc tatggatgaa 20281 ttcattgaac ggtataaatt agaaggctat gccttcgaac atatcgttta tggagatttt 20341 agtcatagtc agttaggtgg tttacatcta ctgattggac tagctaaacg ttttaaggaa 20401 tcaccttttg aattagaaga ttttattcct atggacagta cagttaaaaa ctatttcata 20461 acagatgcgc aaacaggttc atctaagtgt gtgtgttctg ttattgattt attacttgat 20521 gattttgttg aaataataaa atcccaagat ttatctgtag tttctaaggt tgtcaaagtg 20581 actattgact atacagaaat ttcatttatg ctttggtgta aagatggcca tgtagaaaca 20641 ttttacccaa aattacaatc tagtcaagcg tggcaaccgg gtgttgctat gcctaatctt 20701 tacaaaatgc aaagaatgct attagaaaag tgtgaccttc aaaattatgg tgatagtgca 20761 acattaccta aaggcataat gatgaatgtc gcaaaatata ctcaactgtg tcaatattta 20821 aacacattaa cattagctgt accctataat atgagagtta tacattttgg tgctggttct 20881 gataaaggag ttgcaccagg tacagctgtt ttaagacagt ggttgcctac gggtacgctg 20941 cttgtcgatt cagatcttaa tgactttgtc tctgatgcag attcaacttt gattggtgat 21001 tgtgcaactg tacatacagc taataaatgg gatctcatta ttagtgatat gtacgaccct 21061 aagactaaaa atgttacaaa agaaaatgac tctaaagagg gttttttcac ttacatttgt 21121 gggtttatac aacaaaagct agctcttgga ggttccgtgg ctataaagat aacagaacat 21181 tcttggaatg ctgatcttta taagctcatg ggacacttcg catggtggac agcctttgtt 21241 actaatgtga atgcgtcatc atctgaagca tttttaattg gatgtaatta tcttggcaaa 21301 ccacgcgaac aaatagatgg ttatgtcatg catgcaaatt acatattttg gaggaataca 21361 aatccaattc agttgtcttc ctattcttta tttgacatga gtaaatttcc ccttaaatta 21421 aggggtactg ctgttatgtc tttaaaagaa ggtcaaatca atgatatgat tttatctctt 21481 cttagtaaag gtagacttat aattagagaa aacaacagag ttgttatttc tagtgatgtt 21541 cttgttaaca actaaacgaa caatgtttgt ttttcttgtt ttattgccac tagtctctag 21601 tcagtgtgtt aatcttacaa ccagaactca attaccccct gcatacacta attctttcac 21661 acgtggtgtt tattaccctg acaaagtttt cagatcctca gttttacatt caactcagga 21721 cttgttctta cctttctttt ccaatgttac ttggttccat gctatacatg tctctgggac 21781 caatggtact aagaggtttg ataaccctgt cctaccattt aatgatggtg tttattttgc 21841 ttccactgag aagtctaaca taataagagg ctggattttt ggtactactt tagattcgaa 21901 gacccagtcc ctacttattg ttaataacgc tactaatgtt gttattaaag tctgtgaatt 21961 tcaattttgt aatgatccat ttttgggtgt ttattaccac aaaaacaaca aaagttggat 22021 ggaaagtgag ttcagagttt attctagtgc gaataattgc acttttgaat atgtctctca 22081 gccttttctt atggaccttg aaggaaaaca gggtaatttc aaaaatctta gggaatttgt 22141 gtttaagaat attgatggtt attttaaaat atattctaag cacacgccta ttaatttagt 22201 gcgtgatctc cctcagggtt tttcggcttt agaaccattg gtagatttgc caataggtat 22261 taacatcact aggtttcaaa ctttacttgc tttacataga agttatttga ctcctggtga 22321 ttcttcttca ggttggacag ctggtgctgc agcttattat gtgggttatc ttcaacctag 22381 gacttttcta ttaaaatata atgaaaatgg aaccattaca gatgctgtag actgtgcact 22441 tgaccctctc tcagaaacaa agtgtacgtt gaaatccttc actgtagaaa aaggaatcta 22501 tcaaacttct aactttagag tccaaccaac agaatctatt gttagatttc ctaatattac 22561 aaacttgtgc ccttttggtg aagtttttaa cgccaccaga tttgcatctg tttatgcttg 22621 gaacaggaag agaatcagca actgtgttgc tgattattct gtcctatata attccgcatc 22681 attttccact tttaagtgtt atggagtgtc tcctactaaa ttaaatgatc tctgctttac 22741 taatgtctat gcagattcat ttgtaattag aggtgatgaa gtcagacaaa tcgctccagg 22801 gcaaactgga aagattgctg attataatta taaattacca gatgatttta caggctgcgt 22861 tatagcttgg aattctaaca atcttgattc taaggttggt ggtaattata attacctgta 22921 tagattgttt aggaagtcta atctcaaacc ttttgagaga gatatttcaa ctgaaatcta 22981 tcaggccggt agcacacctt gtaatggtgt tgaaggtttt aattgttact ttcctttaca 23041 atcatatggt ttccaaccca ctaatggtgt tggttaccaa ccatacagag tagtagtact 23101 ttcttttgaa cttctacatg caccagcaac tgtttgtgga cctaaaaagt ctactaattt 23161 ggttaaaaac aaatgtgtca atttcaactt caatggttta acaggcacag gtgttcttac 23221 tgagtctaac aaaaagtttc tgcctttcca acaatttggc agagacattg ctgacactac 23281 tgatgctgtc cgtgatccac agacacttga gattcttgac attacaccat gttcttttgg 23341 tggtgtcagt gttataacac caggaacaaa tacttctaac caggttgctg ttctttatca 23401 ggatgttaac tgcacagaag tccctgttgc tattcatgca gatcaactta ctcctacttg 23461 gcgtgtttat tctacaggtt ctaatgtttt tcaaacacgt gcaggctgtt taataggggc 23521 tgaacatgtc aacaactcat atgagtgtga catacccatt ggtgcaggta tatgcgctag 23581 ttatcagact cagactaatt ctcctcggcg ggcacgtagt gtagctagtc aatccatcat 23641 tgcctacact atgtcacttg gtgcagaaaa ttcagttgct tactctaata actctattgc 23701 catacccaca aattttacta ttagtgttac cacagaaatt ctaccagtgt ctatgaccaa 23761 gacatcagta gattgtacaa tgtacatttg tggtgattca actgaatgca gcaatctttt 23821 gttgcaatat ggcagttttt gtacacaatt aaaccgtgct ttaactggaa tagctgttga 23881 acaagacaaa aacacccaag aagtttttgc acaagtcaaa caaatttaca aaacaccacc 23941 aattaaagat tttggtggtt ttaatttttc acaaatatta ccagatccat caaaaccaag 24001 caagaggtca tttattgaag atctactttt caacaaagtg acacttgcag atgctggctt 24061 catcaaacaa tatggtgatt gccttggtga tattgctgct agagacctca tttgtgcaca 24121 aaagtttaac ggccttactg ttttgccacc tttgctcaca gatgaaatga ttgctcaata 24181 cacttctgca ctgttagcgg gtacaatcac ttctggttgg acctttggtg caggtgctgc 24241 attacaaata ccatttgcta tgcaaatggc ttataggttt aatggtattg gagttacaca 24301 gaatgttctc tatgagaacc aaaaattgat tgccaaccaa tttaatagtg ctattggcaa 24361 aattcaagac tcactttctt ccacagcaag tgcacttgga aaacttcaag atgtggtcaa 24421 ccaaaatgca caagctttaa acacgcttgt taaacaactt agctccaatt ttggtgcaat 24481 ttcaagtgtt ttaaatgata tcctttcacg tcttgacaaa gttgaggctg aagtgcaaat 24541 tgataggttg atcacaggca gacttcaaag tttgcagaca tatgtgactc aacaattaat 24601 tagagctgca gaaatcagag cttctgctaa tcttgctgct actaaaatgt cagagtgtgt 24661 acttggacaa tcaaaaagag ttgatttttg tggaaagggc tatcatctta tgtccttccc 24721 tcagtcagca cctcatggtg tagtcttctt gcatgtgact tatgtccctg cacaagaaaa 24781 gaacttcaca actgctcctg ccatttgtca tgatggaaaa gcacactttc ctcgtgaagg 24841 tgtctttgtt tcaaatggca cacactggtt tgtaacacaa aggaattttt atgaaccaca 24901 aatcattact acagacaaca catttgtgtc tggtaactgt gatgttgtaa taggaattgt 24961 caacaacaca gtttatgatc ctttgcaacc tgaattagac tcattcaagg aggagttaga 25021 taaatatttt aagaatcata catcaccaga tgttgattta ggtgacatct ctggcattaa 25081 tgcttcagtt gtaaacattc aaaaagaaat tgaccgcctc aatgaggttg ccaagaattt 25141 aaatgaatct ctcatcgatc tccaagaact tggaaagtat gagcagtata taaaatggcc 25201 atggtacatt tggctaggtt ttatagctgg cttgattgcc atagtaatgg tgacaattat 25261 gctttgctgt atgaccagtt gctgtagttg tctcaagggc tgttgttctt gtggatcctg 25321 ctgcaaattt gatgaagacg actctgagcc agtgctcaaa ggagtcaaat tacattacac 25381 ataaacgaac ttatggattt gtttatgaga atcttcacaa ttggaactgt aactttgaag 25441 caaggtgaaa tcaaggatgc tactccttca gattttgttc gcgctactgc aacgataccg 25501 atacaagcct cactcccttt cggatggctt attgttggcg ttgcacttct tgctgttttt 25561 cagagcgctt ccaaaatcat aaccctcaaa aagagatggc aactagcact ctccaagggt 25621 gttcactttg tttgcaactt gctgttgttg tttgtaacag tttactcaca ccttttgctc 25681 gttgctgctg gccttgaagc cccttttctc tatctttatg ctttagtcta cttcttgcag 25741 agtataaact ttgtaagaat aataatgagg ctttggcttt gctggaaatg ccgttccaaa 25801 aacccattac tttatgatgc caactatttt ctttgctggc atactaattg ttacgactat 25861 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The author of this article is Dr. Jonathan Sarfati, and by his title, we know that he loves chess. Haha! Jonathan received his B.Sc. (hons) in Chemistry and his Ph.D. (Physical Chemistry) from Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He has co-authored papers in mainstream scientific journals including one on high-temperature superconductors published in Nature when he was 22 years old. Carbon What do hard sparkling diamonds and dull soft pencil ‘lead’ have in common? They are both forms (allotropes) of carbon. Most carbon atoms are 12 times heavier than hydrogen (12C), about one in 100 is 13 times heavier (13C), and one in a trillion (1012) is 14 times heavier (14C). Of these different types (isotopes) of carbon, 14C is called radiocarbon, because it is radioactive—it breaks down over time. Radiocarbon dating wikimedia commons The famous Hope Diamond which was found about four centuries ago. Some try to measure age by how much 14C has decayed. Many people think that radiocarbon dating proves billions of years.1 But evolutionists know it can’t, because 14C decays too fast. Its half-life (t½) is only 5,730 years—that is, every 5,730 years, half of it decays away. After two half lives, a quarter is left; after three half lives, only an eighth; after 10 half lives, less than a thousandth is left.2 In fact, a lump of 14C as massive as the earth would have all decayed in less than a million years.3 So if samples were really over a million years old, there would be no radiocarbon left. But this is not what we find, even with very sensitive 14C detectors.4 Diamonds Diamond is one of the hardest substances known, so its interior should be very resistant to contamination. Diamond requires very high pressure to form—pressure found naturally on earth only deep below the surface. Thus they probably formed at a depth of 100–200 km. Geologists believe that the ones we find must have been transported supersonically5 to the surface, in extremely violent eruptions through volcanic pipes. Some are found in these pipes, such as kimberlites, while other diamonds were liberated by water erosion and deposited elsewhere (called alluvial diamonds). According to evolutionists, the diamonds formed about 1–3 billion years ago.5 Dating diamonds Geophysicist Dr John Baumgardner, part of the RATE research group,6 investigated 14C in a number of diamonds.7 There should be no 14C at all if they really were over a billion years old, yet the radiocarbon lab reported that there was over 10 times the detection limit. Thus they had a radiocarbon ‘age’ far less than a million years! Dr Baumgardner repeated this with six more alluvial diamonds from Namibia, and these had even more radiocarbon. The presence of radiocarbon in these diamonds where there should be none is thus sparkling evidence for a ‘young’ world, as the Bible records.

99942 Apophis has been cited many times as the “likely” asteroid that will be the 2nd trumpet in Revelation 8:8. Apparently this will be a narrow miss in 2029 that, if a direct impact occurs, has the ability to kill “untold millions” according to science websites. NASA currently says the chances of a collision are so infinitesimal that we might as well forget about it. However, the possibility does indeed exist, and God is in control. The asteroid will make another close pass in 2036, then from 2060 til 2110 about 10 more close passes will occur. Current estimates suggest that reliable defenses which protect against asteroids will be constructed in our lifetime. This may suggest the asteroid must hit no later than 2050 for the 2nd trumpet to even occur. However, after thinking some time, I realized that the chance of impact must be so low that it becomes ruled out by many leading scientists, but never really a 0.00000000...% chance. If collision was deemed “certain” as of today, world governments would be actively preparing, and defenses will likely be deployed in time, especially with the newly established Space Force. Considering the massive alignment of prophetic signs today signaling the second coming (I will likely make a blog post), this may be one of God’s judgements. These are merely thoughts. Because I am not God, I have zero idea about the future of Earth. I would very much like to hear thoughts on this.

Dr. Tim Clarey will present “The Truth of the Genesis Flood” at a free online event held via Zoom. Dr. Clarey will show how sedimentary evidence across several continents confirms the occurrence of a global flood. He will present oil industry data compiled into maps and diagrams that illustrate the progression of the Flood and match the biblical narrative. This abundant evidence supports a worldwide flood that happened just thousands of years ago. Date: Jun 25, 2020 Time: 2:00 p.m. CDT Register at https://www.icr.org/event/2003/ Free ticket

Genesis chapter 1 v 2: And the Spirit of God moved upon the waters.... In the original Hebrew language, the word 'moved' is the Hebrew word 'rachaph' ( raw-khaf) and by definition means to 'vibrate; shake; flutter indicating that the Holy Spirit was doing something at the time of creation. I think it's fair to say he was creating gravitational energy pulling the waters and earth together ( forming the planet in its current circular / spherical shape ) since in verse 9 the Lord begins speaking things into being on planet earth. A former member of C.C by the name of MattChessm whom i struck up a bit of a friendship with and who claimed to be knowledgeable in the Hebrew language ( i have no reason to doubt him) said the word is actually 'Murachaph' and the tense in which it is used implies the Holy Spirit is still vibrating - continuing gravitational energy... I was always under the impression that the earth's core is what kept gravitational pull on the earth... So this might also be another point of discussion. Any comments, suggestions, corrections, rebukes and the like are more than welcome.

Genesis 1 King James Version (KJV) 1 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. 2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. 3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. 4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. 5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. 6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. 7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. 8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day. 9 And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. 10 And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.

Is there a Contradiction in the Creation Accounts of Genesis Chapter 1 and Chapter 2?The Short Answer: No, there isn't. Genesis 1:1–2:3 provides us with a chronological account of what God did on each of the days during Creation Week. Genesis 2:4–25 zooms in on Day Six and shows some of the events of that day.https://answersingenesis.org/contradictions-in-the-bible/do-genesis-1-and-2-contradict-each-other/

I am just curious if anyone here has visited the Creation Museum founded by Ken Ham? I realize that chess.com has a global community, but if you ever have the chance to visit central U.S.A. then this stop is a blessing. This museum tells the true narrative of Earth, evolution (which is a lie - although natural selection is true. Natural selection describes variations and adaptations of animals over generations, but one animal can't "evolve" [gain genetic material] into another species due to genetic drift) and many other Christian-supporting scientific evidence. It is nice to see a place with scientific evidence (although the Bible should be enough proof) that doesn't conclude with evolution as true or Earth being billions of years old. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_Museum Unrelated, but if you like science (or simply curious about some evidence that supports the Bible), I recommend these two books: The Lie: Evolution (Ken Ham) Creation Facts of Life (Dr. Gary Parker) This second book is also unique in the fact that Dr. Gary Parker was originally an evolutionist. In his quest for evidence supporting evolution and "billions of years", he actually found more evidence for creation and a younger Earth. "And ye shall seek me, and find me, when ye shall search for me with all your heart." Jeremiah 29:13 (KJV)

Darwinian Medicine Is Poison to Health Care BY RANDY J. GULIUZZA, P.E., M.D. | FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 2020 In basic terms, practicing medicine is the science of preserving health and life. Darwinism, on the other hand, is a death-driven worldview holding that life advances through survival of the fittest. When the two are joined, you have one of the biggest combinations of self-contradictory thought perpetrated in the last 50 years. But though “Darwinian medicine” is an oxymoron, it’s a very real approach advocated by people intent on having their worldview permeate every facet of life. The faith-based foundation of Darwinian medicine was summed up in a book review for The Journal of the American Medical Association: George Gaylord Simpson made the observation, nearly half a century ago, that “Man is the result of a purposeless and natural process that did not have him in mind. He was not planned.” The proponents of Darwinian medicine have taken this dictum to heart. They argue that by viewing the human form as a result of past episodes of natural selection, rather than purposeful design, one can develop new insights into the causes of illness and more effective preventions and treatments.1 Thus, the core belief of Darwinian medicine is that a mystical agent called natural selection molds living creatures in a way that looks designed—in lieu of God’s agency in actually designing them. This selectionism mentally projects selective capability onto environments and believes that nature can exercise agency to produce diverse creatures. Selectionism is a path that enables many scientists to essentially become worshippers of nature.2 Advocates of Darwinian medicine seek to guide their practice of medicine by following the routes they imagine nature took to produce life’s diversity. However, the belief that human features were cobbled together through an imaginary history of evolution has, oddly enough, not improved medicine. Instead, much suffering happens when medical practitioners reject the purposeful design of anatomy and physiology. Evolutionary Medicine: A Disaster for Patients Darwinian medicine was pioneered by George Williams of State University of Stony Brook and Randolph Nesse of the University of Michigan Medical School. Early on, they complained: Evolutionary biology, however, has not been emphasized in medical curricula. This is unfortunate, because new applications of evolutionary principles to medical problems show that advances would be even more rapid if medical professionals were as attuned to Darwin as they have been to Pasteur.3 Yet, medical history already shows the nonsense of Williams’ and Nesse’s claim that Darwin’s thinking would advance medicine to the same extent as Pasteur’s did. Importing the Darwinian worldview into medicine has proved extremely negative. A 2009 ICR article explained why Darwinian medicine is a prescription for failure.4 The track record showed thousands of needless surgical procedures to remove organs because Darwinists erroneously viewed them as useless “vestigial” evolutionary remnants. Medical research along multiple lines was hindered for years based on the prejudicial personification of natural selection as a klutzy “tinkerer.” A later ICR article documented the uselessness of evolution to medical education.5 Eugenics programs apply the concept of natural selection in government-run quests to improve a population’s genetic composition.6 Eugenicists hope to conserve the human gene pool by eliminating defects. They view the selective sterilization, abortion, or euthanization of “weaker” people as vital to humanity. Historically, medical applications tried to mimic nature’s “selective” death or loss of reproduction. Yet, they constitute an abuse of medicine on par with the most abusive political regimes.7 The appalling legacy of eugenics-based thinking can be laid squarely on the concept of selectionism,6 as Randolph Nesse candidly admitted: In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, most applications were “medical Darwinism” that focused on the welfare of the species. In connection with eugenics, this led to moral and social disaster.8 When you analyze evolutionary literature, see if the words “Mother Nature” can be substituted for “natural selection.” If you can do it without making the explanation any more magical, then this reveals that an evolutionary “narrative gloss” has been applied to basic research.9 Likewise, Darwinian medicine is a narrative gloss that covers genuine medical research. Historically, we know that medically useful insights were derived apart from Darwinian thinking. Evolutionists claim credit by dragging the discoveries on a needless detour through selectionism.4 Over a decade ago, a proponent of evolutionary medicine conceded its lack of clinical value by saying, “Add to this [a tight curricular schedule] the fact that the field has failed so far to provide clinically useful findings and you see why medical schools lack interest” in providing evolutionary training.10 Darwinian Medicine Still Lacks Clinical Value Are patients benefitting today from clinically useful findings through Darwinian medicine? In 2018, Oxford University Press began publishing the open-access journal Evolution, Medicine and Public Health. The journal’s “8 New Clinical Briefs” for 2019 should indicate if Darwin’s selectionism leads to unique and valuable medical contributions.11 For instance, physicians and patients know that gender differences need to be considered in treating illnesses. One EMPH clinical brief proposes an evolutionary scenario to better understand how these differences emerged: Overall, stronger sexual selection in males in our early hominid ancestors together with constraints in the genetic architecture imposed by sexual conflict might explain the sex-bias and persistence of pathogenic phenotypes in contemporary human populations.12 Taking this insight from Darwinian medicine, the brief cautions doctors to recognize that “clinical approaches need to account for the ubiquitous sex differences in disease profiles and risk factors as well as in the effectiveness of therapies for both sexes.”12 But that elementary guideline is already taught in the early days of med school. Repeating what physicians already know in the context of an evolutionary narrative gloss does not make it a fresh insight. Another brief addresses the observation that people in different cultures have different rates of obesity and, on average, different resting metabolic rates. This evolutionary account posits that: Exposure to colder climates may have shaped human metabolism by positively selecting for a higher resting metabolic rate (RMR), at the expense of building lower adipose stores for times of food insecurity. This evolutionary trade-off has been supported by the fact that RMR varies between populations.13 Unfortunately, when researchers are content with an imaginary narrative gloss about “positive selection” producing “evolutionary trade-offs,” then inquiry into useful details about how RMR is internally regulated gets derailed. What clinical guidance was offered? Doctors should consider differences in RMR when treating for obesity—something that’s been happening already without Darwinian assistance. The remaining briefs repeat the same ruse: take existing medical practices, freely coat them in imaginary evolutionary scenarios, and then portray them as profound new insights fresh from the practice of Darwinian medicine. Darwinian Medicine Lacks Predictive Value An online clearing house for issues related to Darwinian medicine recently posted this job availability: “The Laboratory for Evolutionary Medicine at Baylor University is searching for a postdoctoral fellow, with a generous contract renewable for multiple years, to work.”14 Interestingly, the posting said nothing about research conducted within the confines of evolutionary theory. Rather, areas for investigation were the same as normal medical research. This seems to indicate that, again, medical research won’t be guided by evolutionary theory but covered by a useless narrative gloss after the fact. There is a scientific way to determine if Baylor’s Laboratory for Evolutionary Medicine can justify funding from donors. Given the long lead time to develop new drugs, a valuable contribution would be for these evolutionists to predict—based solely on their notions of human evolution—a new, presently unobserved disease for which pharmaceutical companies should start developing a treatment. So far, no such predictions have been forthcoming from any advocates of Darwinian medicine. Where Eugenics and Medical Education May be Headed A 1998 worldwide survey of over 2,900 genetics professionals found a strong association between eugenics-based thinking and current medical goals to detect and prevent genetic disease in society.15 Furthermore, this research revealed that “directiveness” in counseling, based on pessimistically biased information of persons with genetic disabilities, influences parental decisions after a prenatal diagnosis. Yet, screening tests don’t prevent people with genetic diseases from entering society—abortion does. Today’s eugenics–abortion link is stronger than ever. One president of the American Board of Medical Genetics plainly affirmed: I come now to the final question regarding prenatal diagnosis and eugenics—does prenatal diagnosis involve deprivation of life? The answer, in real terms, is certainly yes. Whatever the theory might be with regard to prenatal diagnosis as merely providing information, prenatal diagnosis and abortion are inextricably linked.16 Darwinian medicine isn’t the only medical education proposal with ethical implications. Another ominous change seeks to accommodate increasing demands for abnormal—indeed, perverse—medical interventions. Take, for example, a teenage girl who claims “Rapid-Onset Gender Dysphoria” after saturating her mind with online misinformation. Believing she is truly a male, she requests her physician prescribe testosterone to halt feminine sexual development and immediate referral to a surgeon to get “top surgery” (a double mastectomy). She informs her physician that the American Academy of Pediatrics endorses these actions as “equity in health care.”17 But, just like physicians who don’t categorize abortion as “health care,” he declines. What is a government to do if the pool of physicians doesn’t include enough who are willing to perform abortions, or have surgeons who see this teenager’s request not as medicine but as mutilation? Should the government revoke medical licenses for a refusal to provide “standard health care” or allow freedom of conscience for doctors? The government of Alberta, Canada, recently voted to reject a law protecting doctors. A related report noted that “a possible solution to prevent such debates from cropping up at all would be to screen out would-be doctors who say they would object to providing health care on conscience grounds before they even get to medical school.” A bioethicist with the Ontario Research Chair in Bioethics suggested, “Medical schools, pharmacy schools should go out of their way to basically eliminate applicants who they know already will not provide these services.”18 ICR’s Approach to Biology Fosters a Culture of Life An adoption of Darwin’s survival-of-the-fittest selectionist worldview produced the eugenics disaster and millions of aborted children. ICR’s approach to biology disowns Darwin’s death-driven concept of natural selection in exchange for an undiluted culture of life. By rejecting notions that natural selection is God’s method to conserve the purity of a gene pool, the core tenet of Darwinian medicine would be excluded from any ICR approach to medical research or practice. A sound way to do basic medical research is to methodically reverse-engineer living systems that can be framed in design-based models. ICR believes the astounding innate healing, repair, or regenerative capabilities of living creatures are not the “result of past episodes of natural selection” but were purposefully engineered by the Lord Jesus…for His glory.

Purposeful Genetic Changes Challenge Evolutionary Theory BY RANDY J. GULIUZZA, P.E., M.D. * | THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 2019 Increasing numbers of evolutionists question the validity of their own theory of evolution everyone is taught in school. A recent challenge came from a paper with the intriguing title, “What is mutation? A chapter in the series: How microbes ‘jeopardize’ the modern synthesis.”1Some may ask: What is the “modern synthesis?” The modern synthesis is the technical name for the classic view of evolution that has held sway for over 80 years. It couples two unproven conjectures into a two-step process that are said to explain how adaptation and evolution happen. The first assumption is that the genetic variability, needed to fuel evolution, is produced through random genetic mutations within a given population. The second step envisions that this genetic variability is then fractioned out in the population through deadly struggles to survive. The process asserts that the physiological and anatomical traits of the population gradually become better fitted to their environment because only a very small number of survivors go on to reproduce, and thus, pass on the so-called “fittest” genes.Why is the modern synthesis seen as important? The consensus among evolutionists is that the modern synthesis is a thoroughly natural, essentially anti-design way to explain why creatures only look like—but are not actually—designed to fit their environments.2 Evolutionists believe, therefore, that all of the marvelously complicated creature traits which inspire our awe and admiration are simply a conglomeration of mindless, non-purposeful adaptations. This randomness and lack of purpose is what infuses the modern synthesis with its anti-design characteristic. This is more evident when we consider that a human engineer would purposefully design an adaptable entity with an innate capacity to solve challenges rapidly and through regulated mechanisms that produce targeted solutions. But, in utter contrast, we’re taught that evolutionary adaptation is a very slow and iterative hit-and-miss process where random genetic mistakes somehow produce a smorgasbord of traits out of which the environment somehow externally selects for a few of them.Before these authors reported on their study’s findings, Fitzgerald and Rosenberg acknowledged that the central role to the modern synthesis is the belief that mutations are undirected, random, or purely chance-based. They said, “Mutations drive evolution and were assumed to occur by chance: constantly, gradually, roughly uniformly in genomes, and without regard to environmental inputs…The assumptions of purely ‘chance’ mutations that occur constantly, gradually, and uniformly in genomes have underpinned biology for almost a century…”1 The late evolutionary theorist and historian, Stephen J. Gould, noted that directed mutation has always been the greatest “specter” that could threaten the theory of evolution.3Could the longstanding assumptions of the modern synthesis be invalid? Numerous recent studies cast doubt that the genetic changes definitively linked to specific adaptations—still called “mutations”—are happening mainly by chance, i.e., dumb luck.4 Fitzgerald and Rosenberg summarized what they and other researchers have discovered: But this view [random mutation] is being revised by discoveries of molecular mechanisms of mutation in bacteria, now translated across the tree of life. These mechanisms reveal a picture of highly regulated mutagenesis, up-regulated temporally by stress responses and activated when cells/organisms are maladapted to their environments—when stressed—potentially accelerating adaptation. Mutation is also nonrandom in genomic space, with multiple simultaneous mutations falling in local clusters, which may allow concerted evolution…Molecular mechanisms of stress-inducible mutation change ideas about evolution…1 The evidence for links between environmental challenges and the genetic changes underlying specific adaptations that respond to them is becoming undeniable. Fitzgerald and Rosenberg added that, Mutation is regulated temporally by stress responses, occurring when organisms are poorly adapted to their environments, and occurs nonrandomly in genomes. Both biases may accelerate adaptation….Similar mechanisms are now described from bacteria to humans, suggesting that regulated mutagenesis may be the rule, not the exception…. Finally they concluded, “Assumptions about the constant, gradual, clock-like, and environmentally blind nature of mutation are ready for retirement.”Does this mean that Fitzgerald and Rosenberg have given up on Darwinian evolution? Not at all. In fact, they affirmed their credentials as true evolutionists by making an important observation that the source of genetic variation should be seen as distinct from what is believed to be the evolutionary mechanism itself, i.e., that genetic variability is parsed out as environments select for and against organisms through the struggle to survive. They explained, “Any of many possible modes of mutation—purely ‘chance’ or highly biased, regulated mechanisms—are compatible with evolution by variation and selection.” This explains why some theistic evolutionists could claim that God’s creative work was originally the source of genetic variability (subsequently augmented by mutations), but then this variability is fractioned out through survival of the fittest to reproduce.

Zircons are tiny crystals of zirconium silicate (ZrSiO4) that originate in igneous rock, which forms when volcanic magma cools. It’s a very stable mineral that melts at 2550°C. Zircon is harder than quartz and almost as hard as diamond. Because of these characteristics, zircon is the mineral most frequently used in various radioisotope dating methods for dating rocks assumed to be at least a few hundred million years old. Its ability to retain impurities within its crystal lattice is very important in establishing the validity of these dating methods. Volcano in Masaya Volcano National Park, Masaya, Nicaragua Image credit: Copyright © F. Blanco. Used in accordance with federal copyright (fair use doctrine) law. Usage by ICR does not imply endorsement of copyright holder. Zircon crystals usually contain trace amounts of uranium (U) and/or thorium (Th) when they cool. Once the zircons solidify, the uranium and/or thorium are trapped in the zircons’ crystal lattice and begin to undergo radioactive decay. As they decay, they produce helium and cause defects in the crystal due to radiation damage. Each uranium atom produces eight helium ions through its decay chain, and each thorium atom produces seven helium ions. These ions then pick up two electrons from the crystal lattice to form a helium atom. The trapped helium atoms then move from regions with large numbers of helium atoms to regions with fewer helium atoms via a process called diffusion. A minimum energy is required for diffusion to move helium through the crystal. This energy is called the activation energy (E), which depends upon the number of defects or imperfections in the crystal. Figure 1 presents a visual schematic of how the helium atoms move through the zircon crystal.1 Figure 1. An illustration of a helium atom moving through a crystal lattice. Image (a) shows a helium atom’s initial position within a crystal lattice (position A). Energy is added to the helium atom by collision with atoms making up the crystal lattice, the addition of phonons or heat to the crystal, or the addition of electromagnetic radiation. If enough energy is added (activation energy, E), then the helium atom is bumped toward the next unoccupied lattice site (B). It comes to rest at another lattice site (C) when its energy drops below the activation energy, E. This continues until the energy supply is exhausted or the helium atom leaves the crystal. Experiments show that the rate at which the concentration (particles per unit volume) of an impurity such as a helium atom changes at any given location in a crystal lattice is in proportion to the divergence of the concentration gradient within the entire crystal, i.e.: where C is the concentration of helium atoms in a given location and D is the diffusion coefficient or diffusivity. The Laplacian (∇2) of a concentration, such as the concentration of helium atoms in a zircon crystal, represents the volume density of the outward flow of helium atoms from an infinitesimal volume around a given point in the crystal. In this case, the flow of helium atoms is positive or outward toward the lower concentrations outside the reference point in the zircon crystal. It has been experimentally determined that at high temperatures the diffusivity (D) depends exponentially on the absolute temperature, i.e.: where D0 is a constant independent of temperature, E0 is the intrinsic activation energy characteristic of the material in which diffusion is occurring (in this case a zircon crystal), and R is the universal gas constant. If the crystal has defects such as vacancies in the crystal lattice, dislocations, impurities, damage from radiation, or grain boundaries, then the basic equation is modified to: Figure 2. Typical plot for the diffusion coefficient in a natural mineral. It is generally known as an Arrhenius plot. Note the x-axis or abscissa has an inverse temperature scale so that the higher temperatures are to the left and the lower temperatures are to the right. where D1 and E1 are the modified diffusion constant and activation energy for a damaged crystal. The defect parameters D1 and E1 are almost always smaller than the intrinsic parameters D0 and E0. Due to this feature of diffusion, the slope of the defect line is almost always shallower than the slope of the intrinsic line. Figure 2 is a graphical representation of a typical diffusion curve.2 Because defects are very common in naturally occurring crystals, especially crystals containing radioisotopes, the two-slope curve seen in Figure 2 is typical. With these concepts in mind, we will look at the experimental investigation initiated by Dr. Russell Humphreys and his colleagues on the Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth (RATE) team into retention of helium atoms in a supposedly 1.5 billion-year-old rock.3 The granitic rock from which the zircon crystals used in these studies came was classified as biotite granodiorite, an igneous rock.4 In the 1970s, geoscientists from Los Alamos National Laboratory drilled core samples at the Fenton Hill site in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico. In borehole GT-2 they sampled the granitic Precambrian basement rock. This rock was assigned a radioisotope age of 1.5 ± 0.02 billion years as determined by various secular dating methods using U, Th, and lead (Pb) isotopes. The depth of the samples varied from near the surface to 4.3 kilometers in depth, with in situ temperatures ranging from 20°C to 313°C respectively. The Los Alamos team sent some of the core samples to Oak Ridge National Laboratory for isotopic analysis. Robert Gentry, an Oak Ridge physicist, analyzed zircons extracted from these samples for total helium content by heating them to 1000°C in a mass spectrometer in which the amount of 4He liberated was measured. Table 1 summarizes the results of his measurements plus two additional samples (designated as 2002 and 2003) analyzed by Dr. Humphreys and colleagues as part of the RATE project.5 Column 1 is the sample designation, and columns 2 and 3 list the in situ depth and temperature for each sample respectively. Column 4 lists the volume of helium liberated (at standard temperature and pressure) in the laboratory per microgram of zircon (1 ncc ≡ 10-9 cm3). Column 5 is the ratio of the observed quantity of helium in the crystal (Q) to the calculated quantity of helium that would have accumulated and been retained in the crystal (Q0) had there been no diffusion of helium out of the crystal. Uncertainties in calculating Q0 dominate the estimated errors listed in column 6. According to the dependence of diffusion on temperature outlined in earlier paragraphs, we would expect to observe that the hotter sample 6 would have much less helium than sample 5. The fact that the helium content didn’t decrease suggests that some additional effect may have come into play above 277°C. So, sample 6 wasn’t included in the analysis of samples 1 through 5 by the RATE researchers. Figure 3. Diffusion coefficients observed in zircons from the Ural Mountains in Russia, the Jimenez granodiorite, and the Fish Canyon Tuff in Nevada. The “knee” in the data from the Ural Mountains is due to extreme radiation damage in those zircon crystals. Next, the RATE team needed to measure and study the diffusion characteristics of zircon and the surrounding biotite in order to understand what the data in Table 1 really meant. In 1999, they looked for any available data on helium diffusion in zircons and biotite. The only data they could find were from Sh. A. Magomedov, who had published data for radiogenic Pb and helium diffusion in highly radiation-damaged zircons from the Ural Mountains in Russia.6 Helium data only appeared as a graph. Then in 2001, the RATE team received a preprint for a paper by P. W. Reiners and colleagues listing new helium diffusion data in zircons from several sites in Nevada.7 A graphical summary of those data is presented in Figure 3.8 These data, combined with data for the diffusion constants in muscovite and biotite (two forms of mica), convinced the RATE team that the zircon rates for helium loss were more important than those for the surrounding medium. With these data in hand, the team acquired new samples from the GT-2 borehole and sent them off to a recognized expert in diffusion measurements for analysis.9 These constitute the data points (blue dots with error bars) in Figure 4.10 Figure 4. Early diffusion data from GT-2 borehole zircon samples (blue dots) compared with the creation model predictions (green squares) and the uniformitarian model predictions (red squares). The RATE team was then faced with developing two models for the migration of helium out of the zircon and into the surrounding biotite. One model was based on a creationist view of history and the other was based on the billion-year uniformitarian view.11 Figure 4 compares the data with the model predictions. Clearly there is a considerable and irreconcilable difference between the two models. The creationist model agrees remarkably well with the actual data; the uniformitarian model predicts diffusivities more than 100,000 times lower than the actual data show. The data predict that within the uniformitarian model all zircon samples would retain much less helium than is observed. Rearranging the diffusion equation for the creation model, one obtains an approximate age for the GT-2 borehole rock of 5,680 ± 2,000 years—as compared to the assumed 1.5 billion-year age in the uniformitarian model. The RATE team concluded that although approximately 1.5 billion years of U/Th decay at today’s decay rates occurred within the GT-2 borehole rock, helium generated by that decay had only been escaping for about 5,700 years, which is why large amounts of helium were still present in the zircons. This discrepancy can be resolved if there was a time in the past in which nuclear decay rates were much higher. This is strong observational evidence that at some time in the past, accelerated nuclear decay did occur. Obviously these findings set the secular science community into a frenzy, so much so that all types of objections to the experimental data and its interpretation have arisen. These questions and objections have been more than adequately answered by the authors of this investigation.12,13 Ultimately it comes down to which version of history one believes: Do you prefer the naturalistic view of history or the extremely clear biblical narrative? The RATE zircon/helium measurements showing only thousands of years provide powerful evidence for recent creation. BY VERNON R. CUPPS, PH.D. * | FRIDAY, DECEMBER 28, 2018 Dr. Cupps is Research Associate at the Institute for Creation Research and earned his Ph.D. in nuclear physics at Indiana University-Bloomington. He spent time at the Los Alamos National Laboratory before taking a position as Radiation Physicist at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, where he directed a radiochemical analysis laboratory from 1988 to 2011. He is a published researcher with 73 publications.

Scrub Python Red Belly Black Green Leaf ant Kola (On Magnetic Island or “Maggie” as my wife and most Aussies call it). Platypus Cassowary (At Eddie Bay) Cockatoo. Plenty of these guys and gals around lol. Great Barrier ReefBeautiful out there. Here’s me in the green.

Backed by popular demand (Sam lol), I'm posting Matthew 5 for righteous living. Matthew 5 English Standard Version (ESV) The Sermon on the Mount 5 Seeing the crowds, he went up on the mountain, and when he sat down, his disciples came to him. The Beatitudes 2 And he opened his mouth and taught them, saying: 3 “Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 4 “Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted. 5 “Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth. 6 “Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be satisfied. 7 “Blessed are the merciful, for they shall receive mercy. 8 “Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God. 9 “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called sons[a] of God. 10 “Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 11 “Blessed are you when others revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account. 12 Rejoice and be glad, for your reward is great in heaven, for so they persecuted the prophets who were before you. Salt and Light 13 “You are the salt of the earth, but if salt has lost its taste, how shall its saltiness be restored? It is no longer good for anything except to be thrown out and trampled under people's feet. 14 “You are the light of the world. A city set on a hill cannot be hidden.15 Nor do people light a lamp and put it under a basket, but on a stand, and it gives light to all in the house. 16 In the same way, let your light shine before others, so that[b] they may see your good works and give glory to your Father who is in heaven. Christ Came to Fulfill the Law 17 “Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them. 18 For truly, I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not an iota, not a dot, will pass from the Law until all is accomplished. 19 Therefore whoever relaxes one of the least of these commandments and teaches others to do the same will be called least in the kingdom of heaven, but whoever does them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. 20 For I tell you, unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven. Anger 21 “You have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not murder; and whoever murders will be liable to judgment.’ 22 But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother[c] will be liable to judgment; whoever insults[d] his brother will be liable to the council; and whoever says, ‘You fool!’ will be liable to the hell[e] of fire. 23 So if you are offering your gift at the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you, 24 leave your gift there before the altar and go. First be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift.25 Come to terms quickly with your accuser while you are going with him to court, lest your accuser hand you over to the judge, and the judge to the guard, and you be put in prison. 26 Truly, I say to you, you will never get out until you have paid the last penny.[f] Lust 27 “You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall not commit adultery.’ 28 But I say to you that everyone who looks at a woman with lustful intent has already committed adultery with her in his heart. 29 If your right eye causes you to sin, tear it out and throw it away. For it is better that you lose one of your members than that your whole body be thrown into hell. 30 And if your right hand causes you to sin, cut it off and throw it away. For it is better that you lose one of your members than that your whole body go into hell. Divorce 31 “It was also said, ‘Whoever divorces his wife, let him give her a certificate of divorce.’ 32 But I say to you that everyone who divorces his wife, except on the ground of sexual immorality, makes her commit adultery, and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery. Oaths 33 “Again you have heard that it was said to those of old, ‘You shall not swear falsely, but shall perform to the Lord what you have sworn.’ 34 But I say to you, Do not take an oath at all, either by heaven, for it is the throne of God, 35 or by the earth, for it is his footstool, or by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King. 36 And do not take an oath by your head, for you cannot make one hair white or black. 37 Let what you say be simply ‘Yes’ or ‘No’; anything more than this comes from evil.[g] Retaliation 38 “You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.’ 39 But I say to you, Do not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also. 40 And if anyone would sue you and take your tunic,[h] let him have your cloak as well. 41 And if anyone forces you to go one mile, go with him two miles.42 Give to the one who begs from you, and do not refuse the one who would borrow from you. Love Your Enemies 43 “You have heard that it was said, ‘You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ 44 But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, 45 so that you may be sons of your Father who is in heaven. For he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the just and on the unjust. 46 For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the tax collectors do the same? 47 And if you greet only your brothers,[i] what more are you doing than others? Do not even the Gentiles do the same? 48 You therefore must be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.