The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in zero-sum games such as chess. It is named after its creator Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-American physics professor.
The Elo system was originally invented as an improved chess-rating system over the previously used Harkness system, but is also used as a rating system in association football, American football, basketball, Major League Baseball, table tennis, board games such as Scrabble and Diplomacy, and esports, particularly Counter Strike: Global Offensive.
The difference in the ratings between two players serves as a predictor of the outcome of a match. Two players with equal ratings who play against each other are expected to score an equal number of wins. A player whose rating is 100 points greater than their opponent's is expected to score 64%; if the difference is 200 points, then the expected score for the stronger player is 76%.
A player's Elo rating is represented by a number which may change depending on the outcome of rated games played. After every game, the winning player takes points from the losing one. The difference between the ratings of the winner and loser determines the total number of points gained or lost after a game. If the high-rated player wins, then only a few rating points will be taken from the low-rated player. However, if the lower-rated player scores an upset win, many rating points will be transferred. The lower-rated player will also gain a few points from the higher rated player in the event of a draw. This means that this rating system is self-correcting. Players whose ratings are too low or too high should, in the long run, do better or worse correspondingly than the rating system predicts and thus gain or lose rating points until the ratings reflect their true playing strength.
An Elo rating is a comparative rating only, and is valid only within the rating pool where it was established.
Generally speaking, you can imagine the Elo rating like a quick system to tell how strong is a player. So for instance, Magnus Carlsen (currently the World Champion) has a rating of about 2840 points.
While there is no theoretical limits in the Elo system, you can set the boundaries more or less to 1300 (for weak players) and to 2850 (for the top players in the World). The highest Elo ever was 2889, reached by Magnus Carlsen in 2014. Carlsen himself could not keep that rating for very long, and as I said he’s currently below 2850. Still the number 1 in the world though!
FIDE has its own gradation of the chess players based on ELO ratings. Here is an approximate table:
>2,700 – Grandmaster qualifying for the world championship match2,500-2,700 – Grandmaster (GM)2,400-2,499 – International Master (IM) or Senior Master2,200-2,399 – National Master (NM)2,000-2,199 – Expert or Candidate Master1,800-1,999 – Class A1,600-1,799 – Class B1,400-1,599 – Class C1,200-1,399 – Strong BeginnerIn order to obtain a FIDE norm of Grandmaster (GM) or International Master (IM) the following conditions must be true:
1. A minimum of 9 games should be played
2. At least 50% of opponents must be titled players
3. The players score must be equal or higher than minimum performance rating needed for the norm (2600 – GM norm, 2450 – IM norm).
4. For GM norm at least 30% of the players played must be GMs
5. For IM norm at least 30% of the players played must be IMs. In order to achieve a National Master (NM) norm, it’s only needed to obtain a certain rating (2300).1,000-1,199 – Beginner<1,000 – New player100 – Minimal possible ELO rating