There are quite a few aggressive openings for White. I play 1. c4 aggressively, but that's probably not what you're looking for. I used to play 1. e4 and noticed that often White castles queenside and goes for a kingside pawn storm. Note that you can not always get this, obviously; it depends on what your opponent plays.
After 1. e4:
Against the Sicilian Najdorf play 6. Be3 or 6. f3 for an English attack, similar to the attack against the Dragon you mentioned. Against variations such as the Accelerated Dragon this attack doesn't work so well, but there are plenty of good options for White.
Against 1...e5 you probably won't castle kingside, but a lot of openings for White are aggressive. I played the Ruy Lopez and noticed that generally I was able to generate some pressure.
Against the French I played 3. Nc3. If Black goes for 3...Bb4 White won't castle queenside, but White will attack on the kingside. If Black plays 3...Nf6 play 4. Bg5. 4...Be7 (4...dxe4 is also common) 5. e5 Nfd7 6. Bxe7 Qxe7 7. f4 will often result in White castling queenside and playing for a kingside pawn storm.
Agains the Caro-Kann play the Classical variation. In the mainlines White castlings queenside and often attacks on the kingside. As a Caro-Kann player I must warn you that Black will probably be used to dealing with these attacks and crush you in the ending if your attack doesn't work.
On a more general note, challenge yourself. If you're afraid to give up material when there is compensation (which is natural), you have found a weakness that needs to be improved. I also tend to be a careful player, but sometimes need to sacrifice material. The rewards will be worth it. I recently played the Alabama state champion in a blitz tournament and beat him by sacrificing an exchange for long term compensation. Before this I had never beaten him.
I am looking for aggressive opening for white, but one which doesn't involve giving away a pawn or two, because that notion takes me out of my comfort zone where I force and rush things trying to equalize as soon as possible.
Another criterion is also that I want to operate on his kingside, and go after his king's throat, at some point in the game. Doesn't have to be as soon as possible.
Any ideas?
I was very impressed by Bobby Fisher's advice on how to crack dragon sicillian, where he proposes that black loses to single move h4, where white is brewing a storm on his kingside, and with correct play, attack should be insurmountable.
But that doesn't quite work if one of his kingside pawn is not protruded.
How can I let black know after he castles kingside, that storm is about to be created on his king?
And another question, is castling queenside in these scenarios adviseable?
I really like castling queenside in these circumstances, and letting the mayhem begin. If your suggestion is compatible with queenside castle, that would be great.
Thank you