Considering your rating. Keep it simple.
Using your above example. This is what you should know:
1. Your pawn chain (f2-e3-d4) is pointing to the queenside.
2. Because if your pawn chain, you have more space on the queenside.
3. Open c-file.
You want to play on the queenside.
This is your typical piece placement.
you may wish to proceed like this
Might be of interest to look at some of the sample games in First Steps: Queen's Gambit.
https://www.newinchess.com/media/wysiwyg/product_pdf/7652.pdf
The only explanation of the Slav exchange structure that I've seen is diagrams 103 and 104 of Kmoch's "Pawn Power in Chess". To understand how to play that structure, you have to rely on learning positional principles, especially open files and piece activity.
For Queen's Gambit structures in general, I can point to two books. I will probably be criticized by those who say those books are too advanced for you, but if this subject truly interests you, I believe you will benefit from them because you will study them carefully. The first is "Pawn Structure Chess" by Andrew Soltis, and the second is "Chess Structures: a Grandmaster Guide" by Mauricio Flores Rios. Both of them illustrate how to play the common structures arising from the QG.
Pawn Structure Chess is simply the best book on pawn structure which explains at a basic level the ideas behind each pawn structure. Either his old edition or the revised one is good. Agree with old patzer.
"... Chess structures: A Grandmaster Guide is not a primer of positional play; for that, try Michael Stean's Simple Chess, Herman Grooten's Chess Strategy for Club Players, or Silman's ... How to Reassess Your Chess. Instead, you might think of Chess Structures as positional chess 'finishing school.' ..." - John Hartmann
https://chessbookreviews.wordpress.com/tag/chess-structures-a-grandmaster-guide/
https://www.newinchess.com/media/wysiwyg/product_pdf/7495.pdf
Pawn Structure Chess by GM Andrew Soltis (2013)
https://web.archive.org/web/20140708101523/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/review908.pdf
Pawn Power in Chess by Kmoch
http://store.doverpublications.com/0486264866.html
I just came across an instructive game with the Slav Exchange pawn structure while studying Marović's "Secrets of Positional Chess". It's Alekhine-Capablanca 1927, the 12th game from their WC match. It starts out as a standard QGD Orthodox Defense, but at move 12 the structure is transformed to the Slav Exchange structure. The game illustrates a lot about the struggle for the c file and the fight for N outposts on c5 for White and c4 for Black.
I would post the game here, but being technologically challenged I don't know how to do that. It should be readily available somewhere on this site or on chessgames.com.
I'm trying to learn about pawn structures but don't know exactly where to start. I usually do the Queen's Gambit I keep running into games with pawn structures that look something like this when I do a Slav Exchange, but other than that don't end up with any reliable pawn structure that I can find on most lists of pawn structures that I look at. Any advice on this pawn structure or how I can maybe make my structures more reliable for other kinds of games (queen's gambit accepted, declined, marshal defense, etc.) if that's even a good idea?