Well, I think that example is just to illustrate the principle, but the use of it comes up very frequently. For instance, a common king-and-pawn endgame:
outflanking

Wait, is this similar to triangulation?
I've vaguely heard of the term, but I don't really know what it is...

No triangulation is something like this: It's going from one square to an adjacent one with an extra move in between to gain the opposition.
And I think the "inventor" of this mission (1-st) to enter f8 or h8 is Capablanca in his book Chess Fundamentals. 1926! (wKa1/bKa8). ( Silman also uses it in his fantastic books).
It is a great and simplified exercise to Oppositions and outflanking.

The following is not a game I played, but it's one example of an endgame where Pandolfini mentions outflanking: he says that the f6-square is White's critical outflanking square. The trick in this position is that White must sacrifice his f6-pawn in order to be able to use that f6-square the pawn had been occupying, then outflank Black.
----------
(p. 143)
ENDGAME 107
W: Ke5, Pf6, Pg5 B: Kf8, Pg6
White moves and wins
King Dance
Kingly machinations by White prove nothing. 1. Kd6 Kf7 2 Kd7
Kf8 3. Ke6 Ke8, and Black prevents ingress to this approach.
Sometimes an extra f-pawn is too rich for one's game. White
doesn't need it. If it weren't there, White's King then has access
to the critical outflanking square f6, forcing the gain of Black's
g-pawn. The secret to winning an endgame is to give up mate-
rial advantage for a more advantageous superiority. For exam-
ple, sacrifice a pawn so that your King can occupy a critical
square.
1. f7 Kxf7
2. Kd6 Kf8
3. Ke6 Kg7
4. Ke7 Kg8
5. Kf6 Kh7
6. Kf7 Kh8
7. Kxg6 Kg8
8. Kh6 Kh8
9. g6 Kg8
10. g7 Kf7
11. Kh7 Kf6
12. g8/Q
(1-0)
Pandolfini, Bruce. 1988. Pandolfini's Endgame Course. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster.

Another description I found in the same Pandolfini book a couple days ago, more fundamental:
----------
(p. 154)
ENDGAME 117
W: Ke3, Pc4, Pd4 B: Ke6, Pc6
White moves and wins
Outflanking
First White's King takes the opposition, then he wades in grad-
ually through a general outflanking until Black's c-pawn is won.
If after 1. Ke4 Black responds 1. . . .Kf6, then White continues
outflanking to the right with 2. Kf4. But White does not try 2.
d5? because of 2. . . .Ke7, after which Black is prepared for
several drawing methods. So after 1. . . .Kd6 2. Kf4 Ke6 3.
Kg5 Ke7 4. Kf5 Kd7 5. Ke5, White glides into the main line.
1. Ke4 Kd6
2. Kf5 Kd7
3. Ke5 Ke7
4. c5 Kd7
5. Kf6 Kd8
6. Ke6 Kc7
7. Ke7 Kc8
8. Kd6 Kb7
9. Kd7 Kb8
10. Kxc6 Kc8
11. Kb6 Kb8
12. c6 Kd7
13. c7 Kd7
14. Kb7 Kd6
15. c8/Q
(1-0)
Pandolfini, Bruce. 1988. Pandolfini's Endgame Course. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster.

I remember that example in Silmans book. It applies to outflanking such as in most pawn endgames except this example is just the longest possible outflank to exist. I think he just chose this one because it is the most lengthy so if you master that one all the others become much easier. But yah it typically isn't practical or common to have to do anything like that in a game... I guess it could happen.
I recently read about outflanking (silman's Reassess Your Chess). See the example given, where the white king has to enter f8, g8 or e8. The king outflank Black by gaining the opposition then losing it. However, the text does not give a practical example. Can anyone offer a practical example perhaps from a game they played?