Retrace the moves, or start a new game. Having an illegal position for a few moves, should void the game, IMO
Not noticing check


FIDE laws of chess:
7.4 |
a. |
If during a game it is found that an illegal move, including failing to meet the requirements of the promotion of a pawn or capturing the opponent’s king, has been completed, the position immediately before the irregularity shall be reinstated. If the position immediately before the irregularity cannot be determined the game shall continue from the last identifiable position prior to the irregularity. The clocks shall be adjusted according to Article 6.13. The Articles 4.3 and 4.6 apply to the move replacing the illegal move. The game shall then continue from this re-instated position. |
b. |
After the action taken under Article 7.4.a, for the first two illegal moves by a player the arbiter shall give two minutes extra time to his opponent in each instance; for a third illegal move by the same player, the arbiter shall declare the game lost by this player. However, the game is drawn if the position is such that the opponent cannot checkmate the player’s king by any possible series of legal moves. |

leaving the king in check is a special case of the rules, actually. According to the USCF handbook all moves where the king was left in check should be considered illegal, so you have to go all the way back(otherwise if it has been >10 moves since the illegal move, the position stands).
If the moves can't be reconstructed, then you are to go back to a position where the king is in check and can get out of check.

go back to there the first is in check and he must use the piece he used to protect the check if he can. "touched piece rule" even if that means that he hangs his queen.
this actually happened in a game against a player. he did not see he was in check and thought he could checkmate me.
he got angry that I did not say check but fide rules say you don't have to say check and in some clubs it is considered good sportsmanship not to say check because it is annoying to other players playing.

a sub question if I may
I've played another tournament game and after the game in the endgame my opponent move his king into check and I did not notice it
because of this move he managed to get a draw as to a forced mate.
but I didn't see it and I was sitting and analyzing the game afterwards and I told someone that this happened. he told me "game is over " should have said something during the game. it is to late now..

We usually just make them get out of check on their next move, but we're only playing friendly games.

After the result has been agreed to there isn't anything you can do but kick yourself unless you have very strong evidence that this was done on purpose in which case you might be able to get the score changed.
If you had noticed pretty much any time before the end of the game you could have called him on it and either return to the position and force him to make a legal move or claim a win in blitz(assuming you haven't made 10 moves past the illegal move).
Hey you guys, I've just a quick question: what happens if, during a game, neither opponent notices that one king has been in check for a couple of moves? Do you (a) retrace back to the move that put him there and then start again, or (b) let the previous moves go but oblige the player in check to protect his king on his next turn? Or maybe there is some other explanation? Thanks in advance,
e.